what were the viet minh

The overthrow of French imperialism, Vietnamese feudalism and the reactionary bourgeoisie; The Domino Theory. Vietnamese interests were instead represented by expatriates in the French Communist Party, led by Ho Chi Minh. formed in the 1940s as a nationalist group seeking Vietnamese independence. Hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese became jobless and forced to wander the country looking for work and food. Other left-wing groups included the Cao Vong Thanh Nien Dang (or ‘Hope of Youth’ party, formed 1927) and the New Vietnam Revolutionary Party (formed 1925). James Reston believed the demonstrations would make Ho Chi Minh … Due to their opposition to the Japanese, the Việt Minh received funding from the United States, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China. On September 2, 1945, in front of a crowd of hundreds of thousands, Ho declared Vietnam … Ho did not disappoint. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, Steve Thompson Within days, the Chinese Kuomintang (Nationalist) Army arrived in Vietnam to supervise the repatriation of the Imperial Japanese Army. By late 1931, the Party had around 1,500 cadres (professional members) and the support of more than 100,000 peasants. The Việt Minh continued fighting against the French until 1949, when the border of China and Vietnam was linked together as a result of the campaign called Chiến dịch Biên giới ("Borderland Campaign"). The French encircled the Việt Minh base, Việt Bắc, in 1947, but failed to defeat the Việt Minh forces, and had to retreat soon after. The French colonial regime offered no respite, maintaining taxes at high levels. In 1925, Ho Chi Minh and other communists in Russia published Le Proces de la Colonisation Francais, or ‘French colonialism on trial’, a condemnation of French brutality and exploitation in Indochina. To make Indochina completely independent; To confiscate all the plantations and property belonging to the imperialists and the Vietnamese reactionary bourgeoisie and distribute them to the poor peasants; This organization soon lapsed into inactivity, only to be revived by the Indochinese Communist Party(ICP) and Hồ Chí Minh in 1941. This was the belief that if one country fell to communism, it was likely that the … Diệm and the United States wanted to avoid holding the planned elections because they believed their side would lose. During World War II, Japan occupied French Indochina. Talk of independence was in the air. Comintern members were concerned that Vietnam’s emerging communist movement was so fragmented. 5. What followed was nearly ten years of war against France. 4. Difficult economic conditions in Vietnam enabled the ICP to grow rapidly. Ho led the Vietnamese nationalist movement for nearly three decades and was a key figure in the post-World War II anti-colonial movement in Asia. The campaign is now widely considered a Việt Minh victory over the well-equipped French force. 7. The war gradually escalated into the Second Indochina War, more commonly known as the "Vietnam War" in the West and the "American War" in Vietnam. Many Vietnamese communists were trained in the Soviet Union and worked with the growing communist movement in China. The ICP amalgamated from a loose group oforganisationsand activists into a formal party in 1930, but for the first ten yearsor so there was little which could be described as a military force.Thegeneral feeling was that the dau tranh (struggle) had to becarriedout in two forms: armed He called for a “revolutionary force” that went beyond political and social organisation, announcing the formation of the Viet Nam Doc Lap Dong Minh Hoi (the Vietnam Independence League, or Viet Minh for short). The ICP immediately tapped into rural discontent. The Vietnam War (also known as the Second Indochina War and the American War in Viet Nam) was an outgrowth of conflicts between the colonizing French forces in Vietnam supported by Bao Dai's Vietnamese National Army (VNA) and the communist forces led by Ho Chi Minh (the Viet Minh… Việt Minh was a national independence coalition formed at Pác Bó by Hồ Chí Minh on May 19, 1941. If at the height of the Vietnam War (1965-76) you had asked an American who their country was fighting in Vietnam, most would have said the Viet Cong. “Ho associated his Viet Minh movement with the worldwide movement against fascism… The Viet Minh were active in helping the peasantry as they suffered under two levels of oppression during the war… They seized rice stockpiled for the Japanese and gave it to the peasants.” The Viet Cong was Because of Vietnam’s political immaturity, Ho decided to work with the communist insurgency in China, which by 1927 was engaged in a struggle for power there. Through the early 1920s, there were no significant communist organisations in Vietnam. To recognise and achieve equality between men and women. These soldiers were considered to be students of the Japanese. They formed several small but well run communist groups in the 1920s. In late 1941, Ho told his comrades in the newly formed Viet Minh that the time had come for removing foreign aggressors; the time for resolving their political differences would come later. Date published: June 11, 2019 Soon after that, they began to advance towards the French-occupied areas. The Viet Minh was one of several groups to form and struggle against foreign rule in Vietnam. Two critical European events – World War I and the Russian Revolution – shaped the nationalist movement in Vietnam. Other founders were Lê Duẩn and Phạm Văn Đồng. [10] Sihanouk's public criticism and mockery of the Khmer Issarak had the damaging effect of increasing the power of the hardline, anti-Vietnamese, but also anti-monarchist, members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK), led by Pol Pot. The Việt Minh, who were short on modern military knowledge, created a military school in Quảng Ngãi Province in June 1946. About 600 of the dead Viet Minh were killed by British soldiers, the … As a result, the Viet Minh received aid and support from a variety of other powers, including the Soviet Union, Nationalist China (the KMT), and the United States. His French infantry with armored units went through Hanoi, fighting small battles against isolated Việt Minh groups. 3. Here, retired Colonel William C Haponski, co-author of ‘Autopsy of an Unwinnable War: Vietnam’, explains that the British were in fact one of five main players in early post-World War 2 Vietnam. In France, these Vietnamese were exposed to the society which had enslaved them. Date accessed: May 20, 2021 After the nationalist organizations proclaimed the independence of Việt Nam, Hồ proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945. Louis Roubaud, a Frenchman who observed these uprisings, noted that “the revolutionary movement of Vietnam has a head and a body”. To abolish the forced buying of government bonds, the poll-tax and all unjust taxes hitting the poor; With United States support in rigging the referendum of 1955 using secret Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funding,[7] Diệm removed the Emperor and declared himself the president of the Republic of Vietnam. Communist Vietnamese independence movement between 1941 and 1951, North Vietnam and the end of the Việt Minh, Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 110, Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 109, Learn how and when to remove this template message, History of the Communist Party of Vietnam, "Mặt trận Tổ quốc Việt Nam: Chặng đường 80 năm vẻ vang", "Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series / Cambodia / Appendix B", Collection of Official Documents on Vietnam History, Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany, Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland, Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Political organizations and armed forces in Vietnam, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viet_Minh&oldid=1023277538, Defunct political party alliances in Asia, 1930 disestablishments in French Indochina, Articles needing additional references from October 2020, All articles needing additional references, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Vietnamese-language text, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 15 May 2021, at 13:58. It was particularly strong in the provinces around Saigon, which was also the location of the ICP’s main headquarters. Viet Minh, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. Title: “The Viet Minh” The Việt Minh was considered by the Communist Party of Vietnam as a form of national independence front in Vietnam, it was also known as the Việt Minh's Independent Allied Front, Việt Minh Front. In January 1941, Ho Chi Minh returned from exile in China. With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Việt Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng,[4] who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of "local commissions". American military and economic aid continued to pour into South Vietnam while American military and police advisers helped train and equip Diem’s army and security forces. Lao Issara (Free Laos) is a political & military organization of Laotian communists, led by Phetsarath, Souphanouvong, Kaysone Phomvihane, Phoumi Vongvichit Lao Issara received training and supports from Việt Minh. In Moscow, these developments in Vietnam were being watched by the Communist International (or Comintern), a committee tasked with guiding and supporting communist groups around the world. This organization soon lapsed into inactivity, only to be revived by the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) and Hồ Chí Minh in 1941. On 10 August 1944 the Viet Minh (Viet Nam Independence League) called on the Vietnamese people to take up arms and contribute money to buy weapons to fight against Japanese occupation. Citation information Ho went to great lengths to make the Viet Minh an inclusive confederation, open to any political group or organisation, communist or otherwise. Battle of Dien Bien Phu. The French did not recognize Ho’s declaration, however. These groups were disciplined and well managed but too small to have any significant impact. The Viet Minh was formed in China in May 1941 by Ho Chi Minh. This website is created and maintained by Alpha History. Ho took up residence in a cave in Pac Bo and began preparations for the ICP’s eighth party congress. Fall, an American authority on Vietnam, published a collected of these in English in 1967 under the title "Ho Chi Minh on Revolution." The streets were draped with Viet Minh flags. [3] The Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội is not be confused with the Việt Nam Cách Mạng Đồng Minh Hội (League for the Vietnamese Revolution, abbreviated as Việt Cách) which was founded by Nguyễn Hải Thần and Hồ Ngoc Lam. French forces returned to Vietnam and drove the Viet Minh into the north of the country but were unable to penetrate farther. It later joined the Vietnamese National Coalition in 1946. The Viet Minh was an effective opposition to Japan's rule in Vietnam, although they were never able to dislodge the Japanese. In 1941 the ICP formed a coalition of nationalist groups to resist French and Japanese imperialism. Vietnam War - Vietnam War - The Diem regime and the Viet Cong: Leaders in the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., were surprised and delighted by Diem’s success. In 1930-31, French Indochina suffered a collapse in export demand caused by the Great Depression and a famine caused by natural disasters and crop failures. Although led primarily by communists, the Viet Minh operated as a national front organization open to persons of various political persuasions. The military leadership was under the command of Võ Nguyên Giáp. [2] The Việt Minh initially formed to seek independence for Vietnam from the French Empire. They formed ‘secret societies’ and discussion groups, obtained Asian and Western political texts, and translated, studied and debated them. The causes of the Vietnam War trace their roots back to the end of World War II.A French colony, Indochina (made up of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia) had been occupied by the Japanese during the war.In 1941, a Vietnamese nationalist movement, the Viet Minh, was formed by their leader Ho Chi Minh (1890–1969) to resist the occupiers. Viet Minh Supply Columns were Never Stopped by French Air power or Artillery. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam therefore existed only in theory and effectively controlled no territory. A historian’s view: France was not just an imperial power – it was also a fertile home for left-wing political ideas. They examined the situation in other Asian countries, particularly China, and forged links with nationalist groups there. He was born NGUYEN Sinh Cung but later adopted the name Ho Chi Minh (“He who enlightens”). An estimated 2,700 Viet Minh were killed. In response, the Viet Minh launched an attack against the French in Hanoi on December 19, 1946—the beginning of the First Indochina War. As in other Asian countries, Vietnamese nationalism was largely a product of the early 20th century. Many travelled to Moscow to receive training and participate in the Comintern. At the end of the war, a peace agreement signed in Geneva, led to the temporary division of Vietnam into North and South. The Việt Minh established itself as the only organized anti-French and anti-Japane… [citation needed] See also. Negotiations between the French and Việt Minh broke down quickly. The late Bernard B. For more information, please visit our FAQ or Terms of Use. A communist, Ho Chi Minh waged a guerrilla war against … Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1946-1964, Vietnam War memory quiz – events 1965-1975, Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (I), Vietnam War memory quiz – terms and concepts (II). To confiscate banks and other enterprises belonging to the imperialists and put them under the control of the government; In time, it evolved into a significant political movement and a military force strong enough to defeat the French. More than 400 Vietnamese were trained by Japanese defectors in this school. This party flourished during a period of economic suffering, obtaining significant support and organising peasant uprisings. The Comintern exerted pressure on Ho Chi Minh and other influential figures, urging the unification of these different groups. His speeches and articles were brought together in a four-volume "Selected Works of Ho Chi Minh" issued in Hanoi between 1960 and 1962. The rebellion against both the effects of the famine and the authorities that were seen as responsible for it bolstered the Viet Minh's popularity which helped it recruit many members at the time. The French gave up certain rights in China, the Việt Minh agreed to the return of the French in exchange for promises of independence within the French Union, and the Chinese agreed to leave. Ngô Đình Diệm, who was previously appointed Prime Minister of South Vietnam by Emperor Bảo Đại, eventually assumed control of South Vietnam. 2. The Việt Nam Độc Lập Đồng Minh Hội had previously formed in Nanjing, China, at some point between August 1935 and early 1936 when Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist united front. The Vietnamese, raised on a Confucian diet of obedience, were accustomed to simply accepting their lot and not questioning the political order. 9. To dispense education to all the people; It was another altogether to transform it into a popular movement. Later, some of them fought as generals against the United States in the Vietnam War or, to the Vietnamese; "the American War". The unofficial total may be higher, but given the methods with which the Viet Minh recovered their dead and wounded, the exact number may never be known. Many Vietnamese nationalists drew on European political ideas and methods to argue their case. [6] It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The NVA cadre and Viet Minh in the south—which became officially known as the National Liberation Front for South Vietnam, and colloquially known as the “VC” or Viet Cong (“Viet Cong” is a contraction of sorts of the term “Vietnamese Communist”)—were cut off from their main source of supplies north of the DMZ. Hồ Chí Minh was appointed Prime Minister of North Vietnam, which would be run as a socialist state. These effects can be classified in a number of ways. Both World War I and the Russian Revolution shaped the development of communism in Vietnam, by exposing thousands of Vietnamese expatriates to European political ideas like Marxism. A few months later, the Chinese, Vietnamese and French came to a three-way understanding. Many of the Khmer Việt Minh had married Vietnamese women during their long exile in Vietnam.[12]. French General Jean Étienne Valluy quickly pushed the Việt Minh out of Hanoi. The Geneva Accords promised elections in 1956 to determine a national government for a united Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh, founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and president of North Vietnam (1945–69). Vietnamese Marxist groups began to take shape in the late 1920s. When the Japanese occupation began, the Việt Minh opposed Japan with support from the United States and the Republic of China. Copyright: The content on this page may not be republished without our express permission. 8. To implement an eight-hour working day; Some Vietnamese became active in the French Communist Party, founded in 1920. These uprisings triggered brutal reprisals by the French military but the ICP survived and continued to grow. Marxist theory had much to offer the Vietnamese: promises of racial equality, an end to colonialism and better lives for workers and peasants. By occupying When Japan surrendered in August 1945, the Japanese handed over control of some public buildings and weapons requisitioned from the French army to the Việt Minh, now led by Hồ Chí Minh, after turning in the Vietnamese nationalist leaders of the Việt Minh to the French colonialists. When Ho Chi Minh was born in 1890, Vietnam was under French control. During World War I, around 100,000 Vietnamese were sent to France either as industrial labourers or to fight on the Western Front. North Vietnam also occupied portions of Laos to assist in supplying the National Liberation Front (Viet Cong) in South Vietnam. In 1930 several of these groups merged to form the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP). As well as fighting the French, the Việt Minh started a campaign against the Japanese. It was one thing to form a small nationalist group like the Viet Minh. The best known of these nationalists was Nguyen Sinh Cung – later known as Ho Chi Minh – who petitioned the Paris peace conference for Vietnamese independence, only to be ignored. Others turned to Marxism later, disenchanted with the Versailles Treaty that handed their country back to France. ICP cadres incited several peasant uprisings against French colonial targets or wealthy landlords. The writings of nationalists like Phan Chu Trinh (1872-1926) and Phan Boi Chau (1867-1940) condemned French colonialism and demanded a struggle to remove it. The Việt Minh also recruited more than 600 of the Japanese soldiers, who fought in the war against France until 1945. This was known as the First Indochina War or, to the Vietnamese; "the French War". As of the end of 1944, the Việt Minh claimed a membership of 500,000, of which 200,000 were in Tonkin, 150,000 in Annam, and 150,000 in Cochinchina. 4. 1. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. Holodomor; Vietnam in the time of the Second World War Ho Chi Minh responded by activating the Viet Minh cadres in South Vietnam, who began to wage small-scale attacks on the Southern government. To bring democratic freedoms to the masses; During this process, the Viet Minh were placed in charged of North Vietnam. Laotian non-communists under leadership of Pretsarath later established the Kingdom of Laos which is part of the French Union. In a rural society with no experience of democracy or representation, this was not an easy task. 3. Publisher: Alpha History 6. The conflicts in French Indo-China, Algeria and Vietnam had major effects on the French and American military institutions. The largest left-wing group, the Revolutionary Youth League, had 1,000 members and supporters, one-quarter of whom had received training in either Moscow or China. Its foundation charter was more nationalist than communist, calling for “soldiers, workers, peasants, intellectuals, civil servants, merchants, young men and women” to overthrow the “French jackals” and “Japanese fascists”. Some people thought the anti-war demonstrations were only delaying peace in Vietnam.

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